Acne affects nearly 85% of people at some point in their lives, but the causes go far beyond just oily skin. Scientists now understand acne as a complex condition involving hormones, bacteria, and inflammation.

At its root, acne begins when hair follicles become clogged with sebum—an oily substance the skin naturally produces. When excess oil combines with dead skin cells, pores can become blocked, creating the perfect environment for Cutibacterium acnes, a bacteria that lives on the skin. Once trapped, these bacteria multiply, triggering the immune system and causing red, swollen breakouts.

Hormonal changes—especially during puberty, menstruation, or stress—can increase oil production, making flare-ups more likely. Genetics also play a role in how much oil your skin produces and how it reacts to inflammation.

While over-the-counter treatments like benzoyl peroxide and salicylic acid can help, more severe cases may require prescription medications, including topical retinoids or oral antibiotics. New research is also exploring probiotics, diet, and light-based therapies as potential treatments.

Understanding the science of acne is helping researchers develop more targeted and effective solutions—moving beyond myths and toward better skin health for all.